Diagnosis and management in medical rehabilitation of frozen shoulder

Abstract

Purpose:This study aims to review the current understanding of frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis), including its etiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis, management,and,prognosis.Methods: A literature review was conducted using international scientific articles obtained from databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and NCBI. Relevant publications related to frozen shoulder were analyzed andsummarized.Results: Frozen shoulder is a musculoskeletal disorder of the glenohumeral joint characterized by progressive shoulder pain and limitation of both active and passive range of motion. It most commonly affects individuals aged 40–60 years and is more prevalent in women. Several risk factors have been identified, including diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, cervical spondylosis, trauma, and prolonged immobilization. The condition involves inflammatory processes and capsular fibrosis that lead to stiffness of the shoulder joint. Clinically, frozen shoulder progresses through three stages: the freezing phase, the frozen phase, and the thawing phase. Diagnosis is primarily based on clinical examination, while imaging is mainly used to exclude other shoulder pathologies. Management generally begins with conservative treatment such as analgesics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroid injections, and physiotherapy. Additional rehabilitation modalities may also be used to improve shoulder mobility and reduce pain. Surgical treatment may be considered in patients who do not respond to conservative therapy. Conclusion:
Frozen shoulder is a common condition that can significantly affect shoulder function and quality of life. Early diagnosis and appropriate management are important to relieve pain, improve range of motion, and optimize patient outcomes.